General Laws of Nature, Society, and Thought as the Philosophical Foundation of the General Systems Theory in the Methodological Approach to Cognizing the World: A Philosophical Solution to the Physical-Mathematical Theory of Strings

Abstract

Contemporary philosophy requires a reconsideration of the universal laws of being, since the classical dialectics of the 19th century, based on the ideas of infinite development and linear causality, no longer correspond to the scientific worldview of the 21st century. In the age of synergetics, cybernetics, and systems thinking, there emerges the necessity of creating a new methodology capable of uniting natural, social, and intellectual processes into a single ontological model. The research is aimed at providing a philosophical justification of the general regularities of nature, society, and thought as a unified system functioning according to the laws of homeostasis and self-regulation. The novelty of the study lies in the development of the concept of limited dialectics, in which development is considered not as an endless sequence of quantitative and qualitative transitions, but as a dynamic balance between stability and variability. The author for the first time philosophically interprets homeostasis as a universal law of being, integrating physical, biological, and social forms of matter, and acting as a regulator limiting chaotic processes. The subject of the study is philosophical consciousness, seeking to comprehend the systemic organisation of the world and to identify the laws of its self-preservation. The object of the study is the systemic organisation of being, including natural, social, and intellectual structures capable of self-organisation and of maintaining their internal parameters of existence. The purpose of the research is to reveal the interrelation between the general laws of nature and dialectical principles through the prism of the systems approach, as well as to formulate universal laws of stability that connect philosophy with the natural sciences. The study employs systems analysis, induction and deduction, modelling, analysis and synthesis, dialectical, gnoseological, phenomenological, comparative-historical, and philosophical-modelling methods, which together ensure an integral examination of natural and social systems as self-organising structures. The research demonstrates that the stability of any system is based on the operation of the universal law of homeostasis, which restricts the range of permissible changes and prevents the destruction of structures; chaos, in turn, is interpreted as a transitional state necessary for the self-renewal of systems and their transition to a new level of order. The author formulates a number of philosophical conclusions: homeostasis is a fundamental property of matter that ensures its evolutionary stability; chaos is not the opposite of order, but the mechanism of its restoration; and the laws of nature, society, and thought form a single system in which quantitative parameters, qualitative states, and teleological function are in inseparable interconnection. Thus, the proposed concept of limited dialectics forms the foundation of a new philosophical paradigm — the systemic dialectics of sustainable being, which unites natural-scientific and humanitarian approaches to understanding the universal order of the world.