European Scientific e-Journal
type: channel
description: The European Scientific e-Journal (ESEJ) is an international scientific journal. The ESEJ is a part of the Tuculart Holding and is operated by the European Institute for Innovation Development in Czech Republic. The ESEJ is supervised and controlled by The Scientific Council of the European Institute for Innovation Development, headed by Professor Maksim (Maxim) Bakhtin and Dr. Alexander Buychik, Holding Director for Sciences, supervises the ESEJ. The publishing works are made by Tuculart Edition, including in the Tuculart Holding. The articles published in the ESEJ are included in ICI Copernicus, BASE, DOAJ, Zenodo, OpenAIRE, Academic Resource Index "ResearchBib", International Scientific Indexing, J-Gate, etc.
publisher: European Institute for Innovation Development
language: en
publication name: European Scientific e-Journal
issn: 2695-0243
copyright: The European Scientific e-Journal (ESEJ) is an open access journal. Articles are available free of charge as PDF files on the website of the European Institute for Innovation Development. PDF files can be previewed with Acrobat Reader from www.adobe.com. All articles of the journal are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic (CC BY 4.0) International license. According to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic (CC BY 4.0) International license, the users are free to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially (the licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms).
items: The Corporate Scientific and Technical Complex of Town-Planning Power Reconstruction: Architectural and Historical Development of Odessa in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Centuries
items: Assessing the Quality of Urban Development by Analysing Indicators at the Local Level
items: Monitoring of Cyber Incidents of Cloud Services and Protection of Digital Communication Channels
items: Theory of Quantitative Analysis of the States of Transport Flows
items: Sophia Rousova’s Views about Personality Development in the Scientific Discourse of Social Knowledge at the Beginning of the 20th Century
items: Development of the “Just War” Doctrine of Thomas Aquinas and Francisco de Vitoria
items: Innovative Educational Environment as a Factor in the Development of Professional Competence
items: Organization of Entertainment Education to Train Public Marketing Specialists for the Service Sector
items: Personality-Oriented Study of Lyrics in Lessons of Ukrainian and Foreign Literature
items: Use of Supervision in Vocationally Oriented (dual) Training of Veterinary Professionals and Students
items: Participation of Specialists of the Inclusive Resource Center in the Activities of the Team of Psychological and Pedagogical Support in the Educational Institution
items: Features of e-Commerce and Its Disadvantages
items: World Experience in Ensuring the Development of Priority Sectors of the Economy
items: Therapeutic Letters in Bibliotherapy
items: Rhythmical Models of Folk Art ― a Way to Educational Integrity
items: Learning Model for Handball Sports Education
items: Retrospective Analysis of Physical Ability to 9-Year-Old Students
items: Personality. Person. Character
items: Teaching and Learning in Higher Education during Covid 19 Pandemic – a Comparative Study
items: Innovative Development of Science on the Basis of Noosphere World Understanding, Noo-Knowledge and Methodology of Noo-Scientific Cognition
items: Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky’s Intuitivism: Philosophy of Music
items: Pan-Slavism: The History of the Geopolitical Idea
items: The Problem of Postmodern Perception
items: Trends in the Development of Investments from Business Angels in Europe and Bulgaria
items: Innovation Policies in Five Leading Countries in Latin America
items: Basic Principles Application of the ABC Methodology in Human Resource Management at the Enterprise
items: Comprehensive Assessment of the Base of Mathematical Modelling of Production Business Processes
items: Features of Lobbyism Development in Ukraine
items: International Terrorism Activities in the Context of Globalization
items: On the New accents in Rethinking the History of the Golden Horde (in the Understanding of the Unity of the Turkic Community)

The Corporate Scientific and Technical Complex of Town-Planning Power Reconstruction: Architectural and Historical Development of Odessa in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Centuries
type: item
description: Cities as a generation of human society have several millennia of their existence. Destinies cities are various and instructive: one has ceased to exist for a long time, others have grown till the huge sizes; one stay in oblivion, other steels world famous. The ancient history the majority cities clearly appears in character their lay-out and a silhouette. Each epoch and each society spontaneously or meaningly transformed and adapted those cities which received in the inheritance from previous epoch for the requirements. The authors offer an analysis of Odessa “CSTC T-PPR”, as innovative organizational structure for reconstruction of buildings of historical building of Odessa under standards power efficiency. It is executed researches of historically-style development. Superstructures were carried out in a city practically during all history its development. The mansard floor is an effective variant a superstructure buildings of background building.
subject: Urbanistics
  topic: section
subject: corporate scientific and technical complex
  topic: keywords
subject: town-planning power reconstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural styles
  topic: keywords
subject: buildings of historical building
  topic: keywords
creator: Iryna Posternak
creator: Serhii Posternak
creator: Oleksii Posternak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 120−127
ending page: 120−127
doi: 10.47451/urb2022-04-01

Assessing the Quality of Urban Development by Analysing Indicators at the Local Level
type: item
description: Territorial development is a basic concept of urban planning and spatial planning. This concept is complex in nature, as it includes indicators such as design, surveying, economic and social development of territories, environmental issues, humanitarian aspects, and others. Therefore, to ensure the fullest possible identification of factors influencing urban systems to improve the quality of the environment, it is advisable to develop a set of indicators that would meet the parameters of the task at different stages of urban development. The article analyses the approaches to the formation of a system of indicators for assessing the quality of the urban environment. The author proposes a comprehensive system of indicators that allows the most complete description of urban development processes, to develop proposals for their improvement. The article is based on an in-depth analysis of regulatory and legal support of urban planning processes, analysis of periodical scientific literature, and leading world experience that can be implemented in the system of national urban planning. The grouping of factors for assessing the quality of the formation of the urban environment is carried out. Each group of factors is structured and described. Descriptions of the group of factors allowed to determine their impact on the urban planning system and the environment. An analysis of the relationship between the factors in assessing the quality of the urban environment, allowed us to determine their systemic and mutual influence. It is determined that only by using a set of factors and their rational structuring it is expedient to ensure the effectiveness of the processes of formation of the urban environment, which would meet the requirements and demands of the population at each stage of society.
subject: Urbanistics
  topic: section
subject: urban planning
  topic: keywords
subject: territorial planning
  topic: keywords
subject: territorial management
  topic: keywords
subject: assessment of territorial development
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryna Kolosha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 115−119
ending page: 115−119
doi: 10.47451/urb2022-03-01

Monitoring of Cyber Incidents of Cloud Services and Protection of Digital Communication Channels
type: item
description: This article is dedicated to cloud services and modern possibilities of protection of digital communication channels. Today, usage of cloud technologies is steadily increasing both in business and in everyday life. Saving and processing of large amounts of information in a virtual environment is accomplished through the hardware and software, as well as communication channels of the provider. Fast access and reliable protection of personal data is an important part of the basic requirements of work with modern smart technologies. The purpose of the research is the analysis and monitoring of security in the cloud services. In the course of the research to achieve the set goal were used the following methods: methods of comparison, statistical and graphical analysis. In the article were used the previous scientific research works of various authors, as well as the periodic ranking surveys of popular world economic agencies and forums. The authors concluded that the most effective is the passwordless login technology, which supports authentication based on certificates, ensures secure storage and management of certificates, which are linked to the user and a specific device.
subject: Technologies
  topic: section
subject: cloud technology
  topic: keywords
subject: personal data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid cloud monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: fraudulent records
  topic: keywords
subject: cyber fraud
  topic: keywords
subject: confidential information
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrii Hrebeniuk
creator: Lyudmila Rybalchenko
creator: Serhii Prokopov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 40−53
ending page: 40−53
doi: 10.47451/inn2022-04-01

Theory of Quantitative Analysis of the States of Transport Flows
type: item
description: The effective use of the provisions of the traffic flow states theory for practical purposes becomes possible only when theoretical concepts acquire a concrete and precise character in a quantitative form. At the same time, the completeness of quantitative information sufficient for technical applications has been achieved, when each of the quantities important for the transport process will be defined as a function of arguments, characterizing the traffic flow movement. To solve the problems of the organization of motor transport road traffic based on the synthesis of the theory of traffic flows states and the theory of similarity and dimensionality, new complex criteria for evaluating congestions of states and traffic control algorithms are presented. The authors conclude that the application of the generalized variables method makes it possible to obtain not only a quantitative assessment of various sections of streets and roads from the standpoint of traffic safety and efficiency, but also to determine criteria for traffic management, which are the basis of real-time control algorithms.
subject: Technologies
  topic: section
subject: flow rate
  topic: keywords
subject: speed
  topic: keywords
subject: density
  topic: keywords
subject: transport time
  topic: keywords
subject: traffic intensity
  topic: keywords
subject: parametric type criteria
  topic: keywords
subject: complex type criteria
  topic: keywords
creator: Valeriy Huk
creator: Helena Zaporozhtseva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 24−39
ending page: 24−39
doi: 10.47451/inn2022-03-01

Sophia Rousova’s Views about Personality Development in the Scientific Discourse of Social Knowledge at the Beginning of the 20th Century
type: item
description: The article analyses the influence of European and American social sciences representatives of the early 20th century on Sofia Rusova’s views on the main issues of the theory of personality development. The ideological connections between the works of leading social scientists of that time and Sofia Rusova’s interpretation of such issues as the interaction of personality development and social progress, the role of community and citizenship in personality development, the biosocial problem, the nature of interpersonal relationships between adults and children were discovered. It is shown that in elaborating her views Sofia Rusova relied on advanced studies of Western European (V.A. Lai, G. Spencer, J.-G. Tarde, Z. Freud, etc.) and American (G.S. Hall, G. Sullivan, etc.) scientists in the field of sociology, psychology, philosophy, and pedagogy. Sofia Rusova’s original contribution to the creating of the theory of personality development taking into account sociological, psychological and pedagogical aspects is shown.
subject: Psychology
  topic: section
subject: personality
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: imitation
  topic: keywords
subject: social instinct
  topic: keywords
subject: heritage, environment
  topic: keywords
subject: socialization
  topic: keywords
subject: upbringing
  topic: keywords
creator: Tetiana Dutkevych
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 105−114
ending page: 105−114
doi: 10.47451/psy2022-04-01

Development of the “Just War” Doctrine of Thomas Aquinas and Francisco de Vitoria
type: item
description: In the last decade, the religious factor has been observed in almost most military conflicts in the world, including Russia’s war against Ukraine. Such processes threatening the modern world order force us to turn to political and legal concepts. Based on historical sources and scientific literature, the author analyses the foundations of the Christian “just war” doctrine, which developed during the Middle Ages and did not undergo significant changes until the Second Vatican Council (1963−1965). It is shown that the architects of the “just war” doctrine were medieval Christian authors, starting with Ambrose of Milan, but the author of the “just war” doctrine as such was Thomas Aquinas. Without much change, the doctrine was supplemented by later scholastics, including Francisco de Vitoria. This topic also has scientific value to study the role of traditions, including religious and ethical ones, and war and armed conflicts are such human existence elements, which occupy an important place in it throughout the history of mankind.
subject: Political Sciences
  topic: section
subject: war
  topic: keywords
subject: just war
  topic: keywords
subject: doctrine of just war
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian theology
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian doctrine of war
  topic: keywords
creator: Olga Borisova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 94−104
ending page: 94−104
doi: 10.47451/pol2022-03-01

Innovative Educational Environment as a Factor in the Development of Professional Competence
type: item
description: Scientific and technological progress, automation of all economic spheres require close relation of training and self-study, mastering new knowledge and skills to information technologies and become permanent components of professional activity. The problem of developing such a system of professional training that would contribute to the development of students’ thinking, the ability to adapt to the professional environment, and as a result, ensuring the competitiveness of graduates in the labor market, becomes urgent. Therefore, the current state of the educational process requires solving complex problems. The study proves the current state of the educational process, which requires solving complex problems: focusing on the development of professional competence in the use of modern information tools; adjustment of training programs; intensification and individualization of the educational process with the use of computer technology; updating the development of methods for diagnosing individual differences of students to create a psychologically comfortable educational environment.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: professional competence
  topic: keywords
subject: educational environment
  topic: keywords
subject: innovative technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: methods of interactive learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Inna Varnavska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 80−93
ending page: 80−93
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-04-03

Organization of Entertainment Education to Train Public Marketing Specialists for the Service Sector
type: item
description: Modern society is developing in the face of global challenges, the dynamics of which are constantly increasing. Youth is one of the most mobile and changeable parts of the population. Students of higher educational institutions are the vanguard of these processes, which is associated with a high level of intellectual potential, academic mobility and the search for opportunities for arranging a future life. One of the innovative approaches to the formation of effective methods of training specialists in the system of public marketing for the service sector is the development of proposals in entertainment. The study’s purpose is to search for entertainment methods for training public marketing specialists in the field of services. The research topic was considered in the works of various authors. The author offers to develop entertainment methods to increase the effectiveness of training of public marketing specialists for the service sector based on practical experience of events that were held for students majoring in public administration, hotel and restaurant business, tourism, hotel, resort, and tourism service management.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: services
  topic: keywords
subject: educational component
  topic: keywords
creator: Olena Uhodnikova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 75−79
ending page: 75−79
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-04-02

Personality-Oriented Study of Lyrics in Lessons of Ukrainian and Foreign Literature
type: item
description: The study relevance is due to the need to modernize the didactic ways of considering poetry in institutions of secondary school education in the lessons of Ukrainian and foreign literature, caused, firstly, by the introduction of meaningful and poetically complex works into the programs and, secondly, by the need for comprehensive consideration of the age-related psychological characteristics of schoolchildren as readers. Lyrics, along with epic and drama, are studied in every class. The analysis of lyrical works causes the most difficulties for teachers of literature, since this literary genre is psychologically complex and requires developed feelings that are not always inherent in students. Through psychological lack of formation, small life experience, mainly objective thinking, schoolchildren find it difficult to perceive complex metaphors, psychological drawing, subtexts, philosophical thoughts that characterize the lyrics. The article discusses the features of the personality-oriented study of lyrical works in the lessons of Ukrainian and foreign literature. The main attention is focused on a number of innovations that correspond to the fundamental ideas of personality-oriented learning and contribute to their implementation: interactive learning, suggestopedic learning, the eidetics method, literary play, new information technologies and the like.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: lyrical writings
  topic: keywords
subject: personality-oriented study
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Chernysh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 66−74
ending page: 66−74
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-04-01

Use of Supervision in Vocationally Oriented (dual) Training of Veterinary Professionals and Students
type: item
description: The agrarian sectors of the Ukrainian economy have been rapidly developing in recent years, which entailed shortage of staff in crop and animal husbandry. The growth of agribusiness has highlighted the gap between business needs and agrarian education. The review of reference literature shows that over the past 30 years, there has been an increase in counseling, supervision and vocational guidance in various fields of production. The research purpose was to study the implementation and use of different forms of dual education for veterinary specialists in Ukraine. The article presents the results of the study of vocationally oriented training in Ukraine applied in teaching and advanced training of students and veterinary specialists. The pedagogical approach related to introducing elements of technological and pedagogical supervision into practical classes, which was developed based on our own experience in animal breeding, significantly optimizes the acquisition of basic diagnostic and technological techniques used in modern biotechnology of cattle reproduction. The authors conclude that integration into the European educational space requires studying international experience in application of dual education at agrarian educational institutions and Ukrainian methodological works, which will improve vocationally oriented education. Technological and pedagogical support (supervision) is an efficient way of practical training of veterinary students and advanced training of practitioners.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: dual education
  topic: keywords
subject: technological and pedagogical supervision
  topic: keywords
subject: vocationally oriented training
  topic: keywords
subject: biotechnology of cattle reproduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Svitlana Sidashova
creator: Irina Popova
creator: Liliya Roman
creator: Vytaliy Chorniy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 60−65
ending page: 60−65
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-03-03

Participation of Specialists of the Inclusive Resource Center in the Activities of the Team of Psychological and Pedagogical Support in the Educational Institution
type: item
description: Today, the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of persons with special educational needs (SEN) is quite relevant and requires more scientific and practical improvement. The analysis of scientific study and publications show that the psychological and pedagogical support implementation takes place with the integrated and coordinated activities of specialists and parents of the child. The authors consider the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of persons with special educational needs. The activity of the psychological and pedagogical support team is described. It is noted which specialists should be in this team. The scientific study contains an issue about the role of the inclusive resource center in the implementation of inclusive education and focuses on the participation of specialists of the inclusive resource center in support teams. The authors conclude that the issue of the participation of specialists of the inclusive resource center in the team of psychological and pedagogical support is relevant and important, but insufficiently described in scientific publications, since it is an innovation for the organization of inclusive education.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: support
  topic: keywords
subject: team of psychological and pedagogical support
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusive resource center
  topic: keywords
subject: comprehensive psychological and pedagogical assessment of personal development
  topic: keywords
subject: individual development program
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: modification
  topic: keywords
creator: Iryna Kuzava
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 54−59
ending page: 54−59
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-03-02

Features of e-Commerce and Its Disadvantages
type: item
description: The article is devoted to the growing role of e-commerce in the world. The article examines the features of e-commerce and its role in the world economy. The purpose of writing the article is to substantiate the features of e-commerce and its shortcomings in the context of digitalization. The author substantiates the hierarchical characteristics of e-commerce and describes the main shortcomings. The study used methods of logical thinking, descriptive methods, generalizing methods and methods of comparison. During the writing of the article used scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, in particular: G. Androschuk, M. Burov, J. Zadvirny, A. Orlovskaya, F. Kotler, A. Maevskaya, K. Simonenko, I. Khovrak and others who have studied e-commerce. The authors conclude that e-commerce refers to doing business on the Internet. Its main functions include online advertising, ordering, payment, customer service and delivery of goods and other sales, pre-sales and after-sales service, as well as market research and analysis, financial accounting and production activities and many other activities developed via the Internet.
subject: Economics
  topic: section
subject: e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: functions of e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: features of e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: shortcomings of e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: business enterprise
  topic: keywords
creator: Lyubov Kvasniі
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 17−23
ending page: 17−23
doi: 10.47451/ecn2022-03-02

World Experience in Ensuring the Development of Priority Sectors of the Economy
type: item
description: The author of the article substantiates the methodological and applied nature of world experience in ensuring the development of priority sectors of the economy. The processes of identification of priority industries, sectors of the economy in the world economy are considered. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of world experience in ensuring the development of priority sectors of the economy. To perform the tasks in the research process used general and special methods — theoretical generalization, grouping, historical knowledge, systems design. The works of Y. Berezivskyi, O. Ilyash, P. Kutsyk, R. Lupak, and T. Vasyltsiv were used to study the problems of ensuring the development of priority sectors of the economy. Scientific works of researchers allow to understand the sources of experience, features and tools, conclusions for public policy to ensure the development of priority sectors of the economy. The author identifies aspects of strategy and planning, formation and implementation of structural policies for the development of priority sectors of the economy in some highly developed countries. It was possible to characterize the conceptual provisions for improving the management system of strategic sectors of the economy at the level of countries with a high level of technological potential. According to the world experience, the tools of economic support of formation and intensification of development of priority branches of economy are offered.
subject: Economics
  topic: section
subject: priority sectors of the economy
  topic: keywords
subject: public policy
  topic: keywords
subject: national economy
  topic: keywords
subject: structural policy
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Marta Kunytska-Iliash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 7−16
ending page: 7−16
doi: 10.47451/ecn2022-03-01

Therapeutic Letters in Bibliotherapy
type: item
description: The article is a continuation of the article on therapeutic diaries published in European Scientific e-Journal in Feburary 2021. The author deals with the writing of therapeutic letters as part of clinical, developmental and preventive bibliotherapy. The purpose of the study is to provide students studying in the university study programmes preparing for the helping professions, or professionals in the practice with the interest on the topic, using the domestic and international literature sources, useful information that will help them in better orientation in the topic. The article also includes a demonstration of the possibilities applying of therapeutic letters in health and education practice and in the field of personal and professional development on the basis of our own pedagogical practice. According to the results of own survey in 3 groups of students (n=47) in 3 identified cases, writing of therapeutic letter proved to be a suitable extension of keeping a therapeutic diary, in addition to providing individual consultantions (n=5). Using the literary sources and survey she confirms that therapeutic letters are a suitable extension of the therapeutic diaries and can be used as well on their own, or in connection with writting a stories. She reports that therapeutic letters are suitable preventive and at the same time therapeutic method to help cope with difficult life situations not only for adults but also for children.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: therapeutic letters
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical developmental and preventive bibliotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: receptive and expressive methods of bibliotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic education
  topic: keywords
creator: Kvetoslava Kotrbova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 68−82
ending page: 68−82
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-01-02

Rhythmical Models of Folk Art ― a Way to Educational Integrity
type: item
description: The paper describes the folk art/folklore as a system with different elements (each individual art), which work and coexist, forming a symbiosis. Every single art has its own characteristics, but its development depends on the others. These parts — the trinity, called folk song (music, poetry and dance); the fairy-tale; the proverb — came to us thanks to word-of-mouth. However, folk art is not just that, it is also a ritual bread, embroidery, an ancient Bulgarian home. This entirety has its own symbols, that give us knowledge of everything — of who are we and what our Way is. Rhythm is the founding principle, upon which this entirety is built. Understanding folk art as a symbiosis, a hologram and a system may help children see not only the different parts of the world, but the world as a whole, and that could potentially change the entire educational paradigm.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: rhythmical model
  topic: keywords
subject: hologram
  topic: keywords
subject: integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: folk art
  topic: keywords
subject: educational entirety
  topic: keywords
creator: Liuba Atanasova Zlatkova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 57−67
ending page: 57−67
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-01-01

Learning Model for Handball Sports Education
type: item
description: The mоdel used in this study is rеsearch and dеvelopment. This prоposal is clearly inspirеd by аge-appropriate, game-appropriate and action-оriented didactic models and includes crоss-rеferences to the current stаte-оf-thе-аrt of tеaching cоncеpts for the sport games as well as to the Bulgarian curriculum for the subject “physical еxercise and sports”. This methodological аpproach can develop аspects of mоtor skills, mental skills, sоcial skills, emotional stability, etc. The aspects developed in this way will have a positive effect on a proper and healthy lifestyle by introducing selected physical activity. In thе last few yеars, we have bеen developing diffеrent concepts to make handball in school even more attractive and interesting, for еxample, by offering special mеasures for training physical education teachers or developing teaching materials and cоncepts for different age groups. One of the goals of sports education is to increase the popularity of sports games and to attract more athletes, especially in our case of handball. Games are called modified because they represent a dilute, modified form of the main game. They can be competitive or collaborative and are recommended at any level of education. An impоrtant aspect in this context is the pоsition of handball as part of physicаl educatiоn in schools and rеlevant institutiоns such as univеrsities, cоlleges and оthers. The principlеs of tеaching are: mоdernity, аdaptation to sociаl and cоgnitive аbilitiеs of the studеnt, rеlevance and sustаinability of knоwledge. Establishment of the basic course of motion handball learning through sport education model is expected to give a clear picture of the differences between conventional learning with the learning of athletic competition. The sports еducational modеl is also оriented to direct student invоlvement trough cоmpetitions in handball as part of the educational progrаm.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: learning handball
  topic: keywords
subject: sports education mоdel
  topic: keywords
subject: develоpment
  topic: keywords
subject: technical skills
  topic: keywords
subject: sport
  topic: keywords
creator: Rositsa Dimkova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 48−56
ending page: 48−56
doi: 10.47451/ped2021-12-003

Retrospective Analysis of Physical Ability to 9-Year-Old Students
type: item
description: Physical capacity is not an inherent human quality. It is formed, developed and improved. It is achieved with a systematic and well-chosen training routine, which can lead to quantitative and qualitative changes in human capabilities when performing motor actions in a particular environment. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the results of the studied indicators of physical performance of 9-year-old students for a 12-year period (2007−2019). The subjects are 9-year-old students, distributed in equal numbers — 50 in four groups, subjected to testing every 4 years during the school years 2007/2008, 2011/2012, 2015/2016 and 2019/2020. The survey was conducted at the beginning of each school year. The following methods are applied to solve the problems and achieve the goal of the experiment: 1. Testing — includes 5 indicators for measuring physical capacity. 2. Mathematical-statistical methods — Variation, comparative and graphical analysis are used. The results obtained from the variation analysis are presented in tabular and graphical form. Tables 2−5 show the achievements after statistical processing of the data taken by means of tests carrying information about the physical capacity of 9-year-old students during the 12-year period, and Figures 1 and 2 show the variability of the studied indicators for different periods of time. Despite that, main conclusion of the study is that the physical capacity of 9-year-old students in 2019 is significantly improving. The tendency to observe a sedentary lifestyle, obesity and reduced physical activity in students is refuted by the present experiment. With regard to the first two indicators characterizing the explosive power of the lower and upper limbs, it can be summarized that in 2019 the average values in the test “Long jump from a place with two legs” have significantly increased, and in the indicator “Throwing a solid ball”, the results have significantly decreased. For the other three indicators, determining…
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: students
  topic: keywords
subject: physical education
  topic: keywords
subject: physical capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: physical qualities
  topic: keywords
creator: Miroslava Petkova
creator: Milena Aleksieva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 38−47
ending page: 38−47
doi: 10.47451/ped2021-12-002

Personality. Person. Character
type: item
description: This article is based on the research the author undertook in order to develop my doctoral thesis — The organicity of speaking disorders in theatre and film, a defining statement in the construction of the characters. The purpose of my entire work, entitled, the organicity of speaking disorders in theatre and film, a defining statement in the construction of the characters, was to perform a series of vocal training exercises that would lead to the natural use by actors of a speech defect. Therefore, verbal language is very important for an actor; it is part of the whole mechanism of the actor’s art. If it does not work perfectly, the other elements will suffer as well. But what is the connection between speech and personality? Does speech influence our personality or does personality influence our speech? The author thinks that both variants can be valid for the study of a character. If the text gives us information about the way a character speaks, if he is stuttering, e.g., we can start the analysis from this aspect. Or if, after reading, we consider that a character falls into a certain category of temperament / personality, the based on these data, we can build his verbal behaviour.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: person
  topic: keywords
subject: character
  topic: keywords
subject: personality
  topic: keywords
subject: diction
  topic: keywords
subject: speech defects
  topic: keywords
subject: verbal language
  topic: keywords
subject: nonverbal language
  topic: keywords
subject: paraverbal language
  topic: keywords
creator: Ioana Perescu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 21−37
ending page: 21−37
doi: 10.47451/ped2021-12-001

Teaching and Learning in Higher Education during Covid 19 Pandemic – a Comparative Study
type: item
description: Since March 2020, when lock-down was imposed in Romania, education has been hit very hard and all educational institutions have suffered major, irrecoverable losses. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), over 800 million learners from around the world have been affected, 1 in 5 learners cannot attend school, 1 in 4 cannot attend higher education classes, and over 102 countries have ordered nationwide school closures while 11 have implemented localized school closure. Grant Kasowanjete, GCE Global Coordinator says: “Governments and civil society concerted efforts that mobilize resources, and expertise to address the impact of COVID-19 on education is urgently required. This process should include developing long term strategies to address the needs of education in emergencies.” Bania and Banerjee (2020) show that universities from all over the world have responded to COVID-19 differently: some have continued face-to-face teaching with social distancing (e.g., the University of Queensland, Australia), while others have deferred all academic activities (e.g., the Oxford University, UK). In Romania, the situation was dramatic during the lock-down period, all universities had to switch to online teaching, which took them unprepared, both teachers and students. The study purpose is to identify the perception / opinion of university teachers from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi (Al.I. Cuza) and from Gheorghe Asachi Technical university of Iasi (Gh, Asachi) regarding the effects of pandemic COVID 19 for their teaching and learning. The Statistical Package for Social Science Program (SPSS) was used to summarize and run correlation on data obtained from the survey. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study between 2 universities in the area of Moldova, to see the opinion of teachers related to online teaching at that time and its negative effects.
subject: Pedagogics
  topic: section
subject: pandemic
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19 lockdown
  topic: keywords
subject: online education
  topic: keywords
subject: electronical devices
  topic: keywords
subject: university teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Monica Turturean
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-02-10
publication date: 2022-02-10
starting page: 7−20
ending page: 7−20
doi: 10.47451/ped2022-01-03

Innovative Development of Science on the Basis of Noosphere World Understanding, Noo-Knowledge and Methodology of Noo-Scientific Cognition
type: item
description: The essence of the noosphere-cognitive approach in the innovative development of science, the process of forming the scientific reality of noosphere knowledge and cognition is revealed. The noosphere nomonology of research programs and the corresponding basic principles of noosphere-programmable methodology of innovative research are presented. Five clusters of noosphere research program for the implementation of design noo-innovations have been identified. The development and implementation of such programs is a critical problem of innovative development of science in the areas of formation of noosphere-scientific world understanding, noosphere episthemology and methodology of noo-science. The article reveals that in Noonan logical cognition the methods of worldview-methodological reflection, system-nomonological forecasting of innovations, information-semantic method and method of creative-synergistic synthesis, methods of noosphere-semiotic programming, noosphere-imprintine modeling in noo-mental patterns and constructs of noosphere-technological NT praxis are used most effectively.
subject: Philosophy
  topic: section
subject: innovative development of science
  topic: keywords
subject: noospheric cognition
  topic: keywords
subject: noo-methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: noosphere world understanding
  topic: keywords
subject: nomonology of research programs
  topic: keywords
subject: noo-program
  topic: keywords
subject: clusters of methodological innovations
  topic: keywords
subject: noo-science
  topic: keywords
subject: logonomos of noonanological development
  topic: keywords
subject: noo-project
  topic: keywords
subject: noo-mental pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: noosphere of knowledge and noo-knowledge configurators
  topic: keywords
creator: Volodymyr Kapitsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-12-25
publication date: 2021-12-25
starting page: 40−54
ending page: 40−54
doi: 10.47451/phi2021-09-001

Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky’s Intuitivism: Philosophy of Music
type: item
description: The article reveals the features of philosophical ideas about the music of N.O. Lossky. It is established that Lossky’s philosophical judgments about music are organically connected with his philosophical doctrine — intuitivism. The study purpose is to learn the philosophy of music through the Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky’s intuitivism. The most important, from the point of view of the author of the article, provisions of Lossky’s intuitivism are noted: (1) intuitivism provides a direct vision of the object by the knowing subject in the original, and not by means of a copy, symbol, construction, etc.; (2) intuitivism is based on intuition, acting in three types (modes): sensual, intellectual and mystical, while considering the legitimization of two spheres by the philosopher: the world and the Superworld (the Kingdom of God), sensual and intellectual intuition work in the world, mystical intuition prepares a breakthrough into the Superworld (the Kingdom of God). It is shown that music is an integral component — a staple — of Lossky’s philosophical doctrine. It is argued that, according to Lossky, it is music that contributes to the most distinct vision of the object by the cognizing subject in the original, and the full realization of the mission intended for them by all three types of intuition. Comparative, historical and logical research methods were used to solve the tasks. The study used the works of the author, Nikolai Lossky and prominent philosophers such as B.V. Asafyev, A. Bergson, A.F. Losev, P.A. Florensky, and the memoirs of Prince E.N. Trubetskoy.
subject: Philosophy
  topic: section
subject: philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: music
  topic: keywords
subject: Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky
  topic: keywords
subject: intuitivism
  topic: keywords
subject: sensory intuition
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual intuition
  topic: keywords
subject: mystical intuition
  topic: keywords
subject: Kingdom of God
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexander Klujev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-12-25
publication date: 2021-12-25
starting page: 27−39
ending page: 27−39
doi: 10.47451/phi2021-10-001

Pan-Slavism: The History of the Geopolitical Idea
type: item
description: The article examines the phenomenon of “pan-Slavism” as an attempt to explain the variety of problems associated with the cultural, ethnic and political unity of the Slavs. For the first time, the ideology of pan-Slavism arose among the Western Slavs, which then reached Russia. For the Slavs, the ideas of pan-Slavism were a means of self-defence against the threat of assimilation and dissolution in the surrounding peoples. In addition to political and social, most foreign Slavs also experienced cultural humiliation. In the Russian Empire and the USSR, pan-Slavism had an oppositional character. The author used historical, logical, comparative and other methods to achieve the study tasks. In the study course, famous pan-Slavism philosophers’ works of the past and present are used. The author concludes that pan-Slavism played an outstanding role in awakening the national consciousness of the Slavic peoples, including those aliens to Russia, by suspending the assimilation of the Slavs by Western and Eastern conquerors. The Balkan Slavs generally gained independence from the hands of Russia.
subject: Philosophy
  topic: section
subject: pan-Slavism
  topic: keywords
subject: geopolitical ideas
  topic: keywords
subject: Slavs
  topic: keywords
subject: Haushofer
  topic: keywords
subject: Krizhanich
  topic: keywords
subject: I.S. Aksakov
  topic: keywords
subject: N.Y. Danilevsky
  topic: keywords
subject: A.F. Gilferding
  topic: keywords
subject: S.V. Lebedev
  topic: keywords
creator: Galina Lebedeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-12-25
publication date: 2021-12-25
starting page: 16−26
ending page: 16−26
doi: 10.47451/phi2021-10-003

The Problem of Postmodern Perception
type: item
description: The concept of “postmodern” has turned from a philosophical term into a fashionable word, used incredibly widely by a variety of people under a variety of circumstances. As is often the case with popular words, it becomes difficult to give a concrete and generally accepted definition of what lies behind the concept of postmodernity. Postmodernism is also understood as the latest artistic and architectural trends. It seems that as many people as there are postmoderns. The study aimed to clarify the detection of postmodernism in philosophical thought based on the modern paradigm. In the study course, historical, comparative and logical methods were applied. To solve the research tasks, the works of leading modern specialists in postmodernism were used. The author concludes that the beginning of the 21st century will go down in history as a time of timelessness: no great ideas, no great feats, even no great crimes. On the other hand, Russia can take a leading place in the post-Western world if only it does not forget that it is a Eurasian country with its development path.
subject: Philosophy
  topic: section
subject: postmodernism
  topic: keywords
subject: postmodern philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: post-western era
  topic: keywords
subject: multiculturalism
  topic: keywords
subject: deindustrialization
  topic: keywords
creator: Sergey Lebedev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-12-25
publication date: 2021-12-25
starting page: 7−15
ending page: 7−15
doi: 10.47451/phi2021-10-002

Trends in the Development of Investments from Business Angels in Europe and Bulgaria
type: item
description: Investments by business angels represent a relatively new approach to financing businesses in the initial phase of their development. The size of the market in Europe has been on the rise in recent years, reaching 8.04 billion. Thus, funding through business angels is becoming an important part of the tools that SMEs can use. A relatively small share of this amount is invested in Bulgaria, while some of the traditionally largest recipients of business angel investments are positioned in Europe. This gives rise to the goal of identifying trends in developing the investment market by business angels in Europe and Bulgaria. More in-depth knowledge in this area will help to form steps for further development. Comparative, historical, logical and analytical methods were used to fulfill the objectives of the study. The author concludes that the key role is played by the individual characteristics of the business angels, as well as the characteristics of the sectors. The propensity to invest in technological and innovative enterprises is favorable for Bulgaria due to the development of the ICT sector of the country. Concrete steps are also needed to support through incentives and regulations.
subject: Management
  topic: section
subject: business angels
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulgaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Europe
  topic: keywords
subject: investments
  topic: keywords
subject: initial phase of development
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: funding
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladislav Valchinov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-11-15
publication date: 2021-11-15
starting page: 53−66
ending page: 53−66
doi: 10.47451/man2021-10-001

Innovation Policies in Five Leading Countries in Latin America
type: item
description: The importance of innovation for economic growth and for improving people’s quality of life in recent years is palpable. In this regard, it is important to study the policies that countries implement to improve innovation activity. The aim of the article is to identify various levers, models and specific incentives for innovation and research and development (R&D) in the five leading Latin American countries in this field and to draw conclusions and guidelines that are useful for both from a scientific point of view, as well as for the improvement of the innovation policy of Bulgaria. After studying the specifics, it was found that innovation policy plays an important role in the five countries studied. In some of them, such as Costa Rica and Colombia, good efficiency is achieved in the implementation of various measures in this area. But further and focused work on innovation and R&D is still needed to achieve satisfactory results.
subject: Management
  topic: section
subject: innovation policy
  topic: keywords
subject: innovations
  topic: keywords
subject: stimulation of innovations
  topic: keywords
creator: Plamen Marinov Pavlov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-11-15
publication date: 2021-11-15
starting page: 33−52
ending page: 33−52
doi: 10.47451/man2021-08-001

Basic Principles Application of the ABC Methodology in Human Resource Management at the Enterprise
type: item
description: The main problem of modern human resource management is the automation and optimization of the work of the administrative and managerial division employees and workers, whose professional activities are within the framework of project activities but not controlled by the conveyor process. The relevance of this topic arose in the last quarter of the 20th century and is increasingly increasing at present. Automation involves the use of equipment, software and methodologies, which allow automating business processes, reducing “manual labour”, and minimizing the risks of the human factor. Business processes optimization involves the search for efficiency in methodological transformations of working conditions, i.e., simplification and acceleration of processes while maintaining the quality level. The study purpose is to develop the ABC methodology, which involves the use of triplicity in positioning the calculation of indicators of various system parameters. In the study course, analytical, logical, comparative research methods and modelling methods were used. Materials and works of leading and modern researchers in the field of labour management and automation were used to implement the study. The author concludes that the ABC methodology has several objective advantages both in its model and the mathematical component, which makes it possible to borrow and adapt the methodology for any enterprise where business processes can be applied.
subject: Management
  topic: section
subject: business process
  topic: keywords
subject: management methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: enterprise management
  topic: keywords
subject: labour optimization
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexander Buychik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-11-15
publication date: 2021-11-15
starting page: 24−32
ending page: 24−32
doi: 10.47451/man2021-10-002

Comprehensive Assessment of the Base of Mathematical Modelling of Production Business Processes
type: item
description: The relevance of mathematical modelling lies in finding the correct quantitative characteristics (indicators, parameters) of the effectiveness of the functioning of the process under study, identifying quantitative estimates of the relationships between its elements. Based on the simulation results, the best parameters of the designed equipment and the optimal or rational variant of the production process are selected. The characteristics of the process may vary depending on the purpose. In technological tasks, they are related to the quality of the products and productivity, and the components of any process are usually taken into account simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to analyze various aspects of the use of mathematical modelling in the design of production business processes. In the study course, the mathematical modelling essence was analyzed, the features of the mathematical model development were determined, and the features of mathematical modelling of production business processes were revealed. The author concludes that the mathematical basis for modelling production processes is used at all levels and typologies of business processes starting from micro-processes of task execution or product production to the macro-processes of enterprise management or order (project) implementation. The complexity of using the mathematical base lies in the diversity of business processes and a wide variety of production processes, which requires constant development of numerical methods and algorithms for the correct implementation of the processes themselves and their complex chains.
subject: Management
  topic: section
subject: mathematical modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: business processes
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematical model
  topic: keywords
subject: risks
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Komissarov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-11-15
publication date: 2021-11-15
starting page: 7−23
ending page: 7−23
doi: 10.47451/man2021-09-001

Features of Lobbyism Development in Ukraine
type: item
description: The study briefly reviewed and summarized some of the most common scientific approaches to identifying the problem of lobbying in Ukraine. The main lobbying trends and problems are described. In particular, special attention was paid to the substantiation of legislative initiatives to legalize lobbying in Ukraine as a specific type of professional activity. The main preconditions to realize the idea of legislative consolidation of lobbying activity are defined. Certain obstacles to the possibility of synchronizing lobbying activities with the current anti-corruption legislation have also been substantiated. The main stages of the model of lobbying development in Ukraine are substantiated. Relevant conclusions have been made on the legal basis for solving the problem of legalization of lobbying, in particular, the emphasis is on the existence of several potential advantages of this process. One of the main advantages of legalizing lobbying in Ukraine may be the withdrawal from the shadow trade of significant amounts of funds, which are currently circulating in the relations system of illegal lobbying. Taxation of these funds can be an additional source of replenishment of the state budget. According to the research results, the author offers his vision for solving the problems of lobbying development in Ukraine. It is determined that the implementation of initiatives to legalize lobbying in Ukraine, on the one hand, will strengthen the right of businesses to defend their interests before public authorities, and on the other, will provide the latter with clear levers to legally assess lobbyists and their necessary regulation.
subject: Political Sciences
  topic: section
subject: lobbying
  topic: keywords
subject: institute
  topic: keywords
subject: legalization
  topic: keywords
subject: democracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleh Samoilenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-10-30
publication date: 2021-10-30
starting page: 145−156
ending page: 145−156
doi: 10.47451/pol2021-09-002

International Terrorism Activities in the Context of Globalization
type: item
description: Theses study the features of the phenomenon of international terrorism and its impact on the international political system. The specifics of international terrorism in the age of global turbulence are considered. The world political system is analyzed from the standpoint of geopolitical actors’ use of various methods to achieve political goals, including terrorism. The nature and spheres of influence of international terrorism in the modern world are shown. Particular attention is paid to regional and global security in the context of terrorist groups in the Middle East. The article focuses on the activities of the ISIS group and the peculiarities of its functioning in the modern globalized world. The formation of the structure and activity of terrorist groups in the historical context is singled out. The role and principles of international terrorism in the context of geopolitical confrontation are defined.
subject: Political Sciences
  topic: section
subject: terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: globalization
  topic: keywords
subject: international relations
  topic: keywords
subject: political system
  topic: keywords
subject: confrontation
  topic: keywords
subject: geopolitical influence
  topic: keywords
creator: Anton Naboka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-10-30
publication date: 2021-10-30
starting page: 136−144
ending page: 136−144
doi: 10.47451/pol2021-09-001

On the New accents in Rethinking the History of the Golden Horde (in the Understanding of the Unity of the Turkic Community)
type: item
description: The article’s author undertakes the rethinking of certain interesting facts of the history of Ulug Ulus — the Golden Horde, through the scientific interpretation of the works of Abai, Shakarim, Mashhur Zhusup, and is aimed at analyzing views on the history of Ulug Ulus in the context of the unity of the Turkic peoples. This kind of discussion provides us with an opportunity to present a new vision of this issue, as well as to identify the necessary new accents to the consideration and presentation of the history of the Golden Horde state, to assess its role in the history of the Great Steppe. Research on the history of Ulug Ulus is now in demand by a wide readership and is very relevant. To date, there are many monographic studies, collections of materials, anthologies, scientific articles on the history of the Golden Horde that are popular and well-known among experts. There were publications, articles and books that consider particular and specific issues of the history of the Golden Horde. These works are for the most part works of generalizing nature, contributing to the assimilation of the given material, and their conclusions, comprehension, presentation and explanation of historical facts and events in the history of this state were carried out within the framework of the Soviet historical school. In teaching history, Golden Horde history is most often presented only as a period or stage of history, while in Soviet publications it was most often presented as the process of enslavement of peoples, as a one-sided interpretation, and there was an established name “Tatar-Mongol invasion”, “Tatar-Mongol yoke”. Nowadays such new concepts as “Turkic-Tatar states”, “Turkic state” are sometimes used. Of course, in the conditions of hanging such labels, there could be no question of any objective view of the history of Ulug Ulus. We need the new view of the history of the Turkic peoples, free from prejudices, labels and clichés. As we see it, it is necessary to make a …
subject: History
  topic: section
subject: Desht-i Kypchak
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulug Ulus
  topic: keywords
subject: Jochi
  topic: keywords
subject: Batu
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbek
  topic: keywords
subject: Urus-khan
  topic: keywords
subject: Toktamys
  topic: keywords
subject: Edige
  topic: keywords
subject: Mongol-Tatars
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkic peoples
  topic: keywords
subject: culture
  topic: keywords
subject: empire
  topic: keywords
subject: post-Horde states
  topic: keywords
creator: Makhsat Alpysbes
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Scientific e-Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-10-30
publication date: 2021-10-30
starting page: 102−135
ending page: 102−135
doi: 10.47451/his2021-09-003